Achieving the Goals of the French - 955 Words

The French Revolution is known to be the bloodiest and most violent revolution humankind has experienced. The French Revolution was started with the following three goals in mind: a change in government, a change in economy, and the delivery of equality for all. An extensive effort was used to correct these problems; however, it came at the cost of people’s freedom. Authoritarian revolutionaries intended to solve France’s struggles and drove the revolution in hope to improve the lives of the people. By looking at the evolution of France, through the years of 1781 to 1815, in terms of politics, economics, and social class structure, it becomes evident that although the French Revolution did not meet all goals, the majority of the goals were met. The French succeeded in bringing economic stability to the country. A massive accumulation of debt and financial struggle plagued the country, ruining the lives of the common people. Revolutionaries were later able to recover slowly from these troubles and improve the common person’s life. The misuse of French money greatly troubled the economy. The luxurious lives of the royal family used up a large fraction of the French budget. Millions of dollars of French treasury were spent yearly for the royal family to continue their extravagant lives. After the revolution was fought, Napoleon created a new system of French finance and closely monitored the flow of money. This shows that the revolution succeeded in gaining controlShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Was Pitts Repressive Policy the Main Reason for His Success in Resisting the Radical Challenge to 1801?935 Words   |  4 PagesTo what extent was Pitt’s repressive policy the main reason for his success in resisti ng the radical challenge to 1801? The growing threat of revolution by English radicals being influenced by Irish rebels and the French Revolution was the main thing William Pitt the younger was faced with during his time as Prime Minister. To deal with this, he reinforced a repressive policy of tough legislation strengthened through propaganda.It was not only these actions taken that managed to quell the revolutionariesRead MoreThe Rise Of The Enlightenment1577 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout the revolution and not infringe the basic rights of others. The French Revolution hoped to change the political and social status of France through enlightened ideas but failed to do so in every aspect. The French Revolution was influenced by John Locke’s enlightened idea of creating a society where the decisions are made by the people and not one authoritative leader, however they failed in achieving that goal. 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This theory was inspired by the French ideals proclaimed at the time of the French Revolution of liberty, equality and fraternity. Thus, the three generations of rights are: Civil-Political, Socio-Economic and Collective-Developmental. (Wellman, 2000) The concept of the â€Å"Three Generation System† can be usedRead MoreMe Talk Pretty One Day By David Sedaris1038 Words   |  5 Pagesmost students have used on-campus resources, some may need assistance from other adult students successful in completing their coursework. David Sedaris in â€Å"Me Talk Pretty One Day,† helps these students by sharing four steps used to complete the French course. The author states that the students much be willing to look at self, participate actively in studies, engage socially with fellow students, and staying focused. The first step to take is to look at self. Sedaris is the image of self-reflectionRead MoreThey Say By Michael Pollan886 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieves that the food industry is the one to blame for confusing people in what they are eating because all of the food is being processed and it is not real. By this he explains how America should â€Å"quit obsessing over this French paradox and start obsessing over the French fry† (442). In contrast, Mary Maxfield argues that one should â€Å"Trust yourself. Trust your body. Meet your needs.† Maxfield built up the BMI, a tool to measure one’s body fat. Many people look into what is right and wrong to eatRead MoreWas Napoleon the Child of the Revolution?1319 Words   |  6 Pagesrevolution? What Napoleon achieved and gave to the world after the French Revolution had been won truly gave the world a new sight of mind. To first determine that Napoleon was in fact a child of the revolution you must first look at both sides of the argument. 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Fostering this will make the institution have motivated and capable people who are all working towards achieving the common goal of the institution. The success of this requires the leaders and managers to have the right tools and environment to improve and innovate. Effective Communication An active listener is one who gives the speaker their undivided attention

The Chinese Wedding Day Free Essays

Chinese Marriage Custom 1. The Proposal. The process starts with an elaborate marriage and acceptance. We will write a custom essay sample on The Chinese Wedding Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now This process was placed in the hand of go-between, who acted as a buffer between two parties. The important parties in proposal and betrothal negotiations were the parents of the bride and groom, rather than the bride and the groom. When the boy’s parents identified a future bride, they would send the go-between to present gifts to the girl’s parents and to express their feelings about the match. If the proposal was well-received, the go-between would obtain the date and hour of the girl’s birth recorded on a formal document. The groom’s family would place this document on the ancestral altar for three days. If no suspicious omens, e. g. quarrels between the parents or a loss of property, took place within that time, the parents would give the information to an astrological expert to confirm that the young woman and their son would make a good match. If the boy’s family found the horoscope to be favourable, they gave the boy’s birth date and birth hour to the go-between to bring to the girl’s family, who would go through the same process. Only after both outcomes were favourable, the two families will arrange to meet. Finally after discussion, each family evaluated the other in terms of appearance, education, character, and social status. If both were satisfied they would proceed to the betrothal. 2. The Betrothal. First both parents exchanged family credentials as tokens of intention. Then, after extensive bargaining, the two families would arrive at the amount of money and goods that would make up the gift to the girl’s family. After presenting engagement tokens, the go-between would ask the bride’s family to choose among several wedding dates suggested by the boy’s family and also set a date for presenting betrothal gifts. The boy’s family presented betrothal gifts of money and significant items such as tea, â€Å"Dragon (male) and Phoenix (female)† bridal cakes, pairs of male and female poultry, sweetmeats and sugar, wine and tobacco, accompanied by an itemized statement of these gifts. Tea was such a primary part of these gifts in some areas that they were known collectively as cha-li, that is, â€Å"tea presents. † The girl’s family reciprocated with gifts of food and clothing. It was customary for the girl’s family to distribute the bridal cakes they received from the boy’s family to friends and relatives as a form of announcement and invitation to the wedding feast. The boy’s family’s gifts acknowledged the parents’ efforts in accepting the girl, and by accepting the gifts, the girl’s family pledged her to the boy’s family. Several days after the presentation of the betrothal gifts, the girl’s family sent porters with an inventoried dowry to the boy’s house. The dowry consisted of practical items, including a chamber pot, filled for the occasion with fruit and strings of coins. This procession gave the girl’s family the opportunity to display both their social status and their love for their daughter, and wealthy parents often included serving girls to attend their daughter in her new home. The betrothal generally lasted for a year or two, although the betrothal would last until the children had grown to marriageable age. 3. Before The Wedding. In preparation for her departure, the future bride retreated from the ordinary routine and lived in seclusion in a separate part of the house with her closest friends. During this moment, the young women sang and mourning the bride’s separation from her family and vowing in front of the go-between and as well as the groom’s family and the girl’s parents. Since this sleep-over often took place in the cock loft, the bride’s emergence on her wedding day is sometimes referred to as â€Å"coming of the cock loft†. The preparation on the part of the groom involving the installation the bed on the day before the wedding. A man or women with many children and living mates, were selected to install a newly purchased bed. After the bed was in place, children were invited onto the bed as an omen of fertility. For the same reason, the bed was scattered with red dates, oranges, lotus seeds, peanuts, pomegranates and other fruits. 4. The Wedding Day. At dawn on her wedding day (or the night before), the bride bathed in water infused with pumelo, a variety of grapefruit, to cleanse her of evil influences. A ‘good luck woman’ attended the bridal preparations. She spoke auspicious words while dressing the bride’s hair in the style of a married woman. After the hair is styled, the bride emerged from her retreat. She was carried to the main hall on the back of the ‘good luck’ woman or her most senior sister-in-law. There she donned a jacket and skirt and stepped into a pair of red shoes, placed in the center of a sieve. The bride’s face was covered with either a red silk veil or a ‘curtain’ of tassels or beads that hung from the bridal Phoenix crown. (The photo below was taken at the mock wedding at a prior year’s Chinese Summer Festival. After completing her wedding preparations, the bride bowed to her parents and to the ancestral tablets and awaited the arrival of the bridal procession from the groom’s house. Dressed in a long gown, red shoes and a red silk sash with a silk ball on his shoulder, the groom knelt at the family altar while his father placed a cap decorated with cypress leaves on his head. The groom bowed first before the tablets of Heaven and Earth and his ancestors, then to his parents and the assembled family members. His father removed the silk ball from the sash and placed it on top of the bridal sedan chair. Next is the process to obtain the bride. The firecrackers start to play, the loud gong and also drums marked the starting process. The groom starts the procession led by the kids as a sign of his future kid. The groom would to the bride’s house to fetch her, taking with him the bridal chair, which was completely covered with red satin and fresh flowers. On arriving at the bride’s house, the groom’s party was met by the bride’s friends, who would not ‘surrender ’the bride until they were satisfied by red packets of money, ang pau from the groom’s representative. This was the occasion of much good-natured haggling before the two parties could reach an agreement. In some cases, the groom would take dinner with the bride’s family, and receive a pair of chopsticks and two wine goblets wrapped in red paper, symbolic of his receiving the joy of the family in the person of their daughter. In some regions, he would be offered sweet longan tea, two hard-boiled eggs in syrup and transparent noodles. Another variation was the groom’s partaking of soup with a soft-boiled egg, the yolk of which he was expected to break, arguably symbolic of breaking the bride’s ties with her family. The ‘good luck woman’ or a dajin, employed by the bride’s family to look after the bride, carried the bride on her back to the chair. Another bridesmaid might shield the bride with a parasol while a third tossed rice at the sedan chair. Sometimes the bride was borne out in a wooden ‘cage’ with her feet padlocked –; presumably a remnant from rougher times with extremely reluctant brides. A sieve, shai-tse, which would strain out evil, and a metallic mirror, king, which would reflect light, were suspended at the rear of the bride’s sedan to protect her from evil influence. The bride might also attach a special mirror to her garment, which she would not remove until she was safely seated upon the marriage bed. Firecrackers were set off to frighten away evil spirits as the bride departed in the sedan chair. The physical movement symbolized the transfer of the bride from her parent’s family to her husband’s. Great care was taken to ensure that no inauspicious influence would affect the marriage. The female attendants who escorted the bride to her new home were chosen with particular care that the horoscope animals of their birth years were compatible with that of the bridegroom. The sedan chair itself was heavily curtained to prevent the bride from inadvertently glimpsing an unlucky sight, e. g. a widow, a well, or even a cat. Attendants scattered grain or beans, symbols of fertility, before her. Once again, firecrackers were set off just before the procession arrived. A red mat was placed before the sedan chair for the bride lest her feet touch the bare earth as she dismounted. The entire household would be waiting to receive her. The bride was required to step over a saddle or a lit stove to cross the threshold, since the words for â€Å"saddle† and â€Å"tranquillity† sounds the same and the fire would cast out of evil influences. An attendant might immediately place a heap of rice in a sieve over or near the bride. If the bride did not wear a lucky mirror, one might be used at this time to flash light upon the bride. In some regions, a grain measure and a string of of copper coins were laid out as talismans of prosperity. After these rituals took place, the groom could finally raise the red scarf and view the bride’s face. 5. The Wedding Day. In contrast to the elaborate preparations, the wedding ceremony itself was simple. The bride and groom were conducted to the family altar, where they paid homage to Heaven and Earth, the family ancestors and the Kitchen God, Tsao-Chun. Tea, generally with two lotus seeds or two red dates in the cup, was offered to the groom’s parents. Then the bride and groom bowed to each other. This completed the marriage eremony, except in some regions, where both also drank wine from the same goblet, ate sugar moulded in the form of a rooster, and partook of the wedding dinner together. Immediately after the ceremony, the couple were led to the bridal chamber, where both sat on the bed. In some areas, honey and wine were poured into two goblets linked by a red thread. The bride and groom took a few sips and then exchanged cups and drank it down. On the day of th e wedding (and sometimes for the next three days), the bed chamber was open to visitors, who were given to teasing the young couple with ribald remarks. Generally, separate wedding feasts were given by the parents of the bride and the groom for their respective friends and families. Even at the feast, men and women sat separately. There could be a single feast for each or a series of feasts over several days. However, the most important feast was that given the groom’s family on the day of the wedding. It was generally considered as public recognition of the union. On the day after the wedding,  the bride awoke early to attend honor the ancestors at dawn. It was only then that she was then formally introduced to the groom’s relatives and friends. As she knelt before each of the older relatives, she received a small gift. The bride’s parents-in-law gave her a title according to her husband’s seniority in the family hierarchy. On the day after the wedding,  the bride awoke early to attend honor the ancestors at dawn. It was only then that she was then formally introduced to the groom’s relatives and friends. As she knelt before each of the older relatives, she received a small gift. The bride’s parents-in-law gave her a title according to her husband’s seniority in the family hierarchy. How to cite The Chinese Wedding Day, Papers

Debunking the Bermuda Triangle free essay sample

Jorge Thompson Debunking the Bermuda Triangle The Bermuda Triangle is a triangular area in the Atlantic Ocean right off of the southeast coast of the United States. Legend has it that many people, ships, and planes have mysteriously vanished in this area because of the area’s mystical properties. These properties have formed several theories for the disappearances. They carry little validity and fail to take into account simple scientific and logical facts. The Bermuda Triangle can be easily explained by simple facts and there is no mystery that needs to be solved. The Bermuda Triangle legend began when several Navy planes vanished on a training mission during a severe storm in 1945. The legend continued to grow over the years as many more vehicles disappeared in the area. Instead of attributing the accidents to natural storms or instrument error, believers explain the incidences as the acts of evil extraterrestrials, residue crystals from Atlantis, magnetic fields, or methane gas. The easiest way that the Bermuda Triangle can be disproven is by investigating the assumptions of the believers. Some of the explanations for the Bermuda Triangle seem to be scientific in nature. The magnetic disturbance and methane gas explanations both use scientific language in order to assert the claims. The theories are not substantiated by the mere use of scientific language. In fact, they are discredited after finding that there is not any evidence behind them. The magnetic theory is easily disproven. The Bermuda Triangle is claimed to be one of the two places on earth that a magnetic compass points toward true (and not magnetic) north. The difference between true and magnetic north is known as compass variation and can cause variations as much as 20 degrees. The area where true and magnetic north are equal is called the Agonic Line. This line is supposedly the cause of the anomalies in the triangle. The Agonic Line moves slowly over time as it responds to the Earth’s rotation. At present, the line is now on the west side of the Florida panhandle while the disappearances continue to happen in the triangle area. The second â€Å"scientific† theory is the methane explanation. This theory was introduced by Monash University in the American Journal of Physics and stated that methane deposits on the ocean floor produced vast gas bubbles which were capable of sinking ships and crashing airplanes. This theory has some validity to it, but only in limited situations. â€Å"For a large methane bubble to be produced quickly, it would probably have to be released by a catastrophic drop in pressure† (Deming). This dramatic drop in pressure is possible if a submarine landslide occurs, but these slides are few and far in between, making this theory unlikely. Scientific language does not make a science. Arguments â€Å"†¦mean nothing without evidence, experimental testing, and corroboration† (Shermer 49). The claims simply do not meet the burden of proof. The extraterrestrial argument is easily debunked by this fallacy as well. There is simply no evidence to support the claims of extraterrestrial interference. Believers may say that there is no evidence to support these skeptical arguments. There may not be evidence to support the skeptical arguments, but this does not make the claims of the believers true. The Bermuda Triangle has another simple and non-mysterious explanation. There is some dispute about the exact area that comprises the triangle. The general consensus is that the points on the triangle are Miami, the island of Bermuda, and Puerto Rico. Some estimates include the Andes and the Gulf of Mexico in the triangle. The area is about the size of Texas. An exact number of incidents that have occurred in the area is unknown. A rough estimate is about 200 to 1,000 incidents in the past 500 years. A more conservative estimate is given by Howard L. Rosenberg. â€Å"During the past century more than 50 ships and 20 aircraft sailed into oblivion in the area known as the Devils Triangle, Bermuda Triangle, Hoodoo Sea, or a host of other names† (Rosenberg 13). This estimate was published in 1974 and it is reasonable to assume that traffic has increased since then. However, according to the Navy, the incidences in the Bermuda Triangle are not more numerous than any other area. â€Å"To see how common accidents are at sea, you can examine some of the recent accident reports of the National Transportation Safety Board for  ships  and  aircraft† (The Bermuda Triangle). The reports show hundreds of incidents occurring all over the world. Few take place in the triangle area and those that do take place in the area are easily explainable by such things as engine failures or running out of fuel. One of the aircraft accident reports concerns an in-flight engine failure and subsequent ditching of a Cessna aircraft This is the type of accident that would likely have been attributed to mysterious causes in the Bermuda Triangle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The Bermuda Triangle). The accidents in the triangle happened because of human error, meteorological factors, or instrument failure, not because of mystical properties. Facts are important to reinforce a ny argument or claim. The facts surrounding some of the stories about the disappearances or crashes in the Bermuda Triangle do not exactly correspond on all points. Some of the crashes do not have any surviving witnesses to explain exactly what happened. The public has relied on speculation and superstition to fill a need for an explanation where that need could have just as easily been filled with logical and scientific reasoning. Natural events such as hurricanes and tropical storms can crash airplanes and ships and are much more easily proved than aliens planning to destroy humanity. Some of the basic facts and supposed evidence that support the Bermuda Triangle phenomenon do not make logically sound arguments, but they do make sensational stories.

Samuel Morse Essays - Samuel Morse, Morse, Phillips Academy

Samuel Morse Early Life Samuel Morse: a man, an artist, and an inventor. He knew as a childhood love, he was an artist. But the thing he did not know was that out of his love of art and curiosity would come an invention. His invention, now obsolete, was a great weapon of war and means of communication for everyone. Born April 27, 1791, in Charleston, Mass. Morse was the oldest son of Rev. Jedidiah Morse and Elizabeth Ann Breese. From early on in his childhood he had a talent in his art. At the age of eight Morse was taken to Phillips Academy, where his father was a trustee. He was taken to Phillips Academy, where his father was a trustee. He was unhappy under their rule, and twice as homesick, so he fled back to Charleston. He entered Yale at 1805, was called home, and did not graduate till 1810. His classmates at Yale admired his art, and he was unknown for his miniatures in ivory. After his graduation all he wanted to do was study art. His father opposed the idea. That was the start of all his work.

The Impact of the Beatles on p essays

The Impact of the Beatles on p essays During the 1920s, the automobile was the greatest symbol in the community and it led a new era in transportation. In those years, automobile became popular rapidly. The automobile registration had an explosion and reached from eight million to twenty-three million within a decade, right before the break out of the Great Economic Depression of October 29, 1929. The mass production and big amount sales of automobiles increased the mobility of the United States, and brought faster and easier transportation to the people. Before the mass production, cars had been a luxury for the wealthy. The arrival of World War I and the Great Depression led to a setback in the development of luxury cars. It was during this time that the great deluxe automobile gradually disappeared from the road. But the creation of the Ford Model "T" and the Ford assembly line changed all that. With the assembly line, cars rolled off the production belt in very large quantities, making manufacturing and sales less expensive, and the convenience of automobiles available to almost anyone. This new development called mass production. With the mass production car sales soon went through the roof, as the public came to realize the benefits of an automobile. By 1927, 15.5 million Ford Model "T"s had been sold, and had stopped being produced, while the new and improved model "A" was released. By the early 1920s, automobiles were being used for much more than just ordinary activity. There were even hearses made into automobiles, as well as busses, and even trucks. The age of the horse and cart was quickly being replaced with something "bigger and better". The 1920's were a turbulent decade for automakers. Hundreds of new makes and models burst onto the market scene. The other American automobile manufacturers quickly adopted Fords mass production techniques. Ford, GM, and Chrysler made more than 80% of vehicles produced in world ...

Applying Critical Thinking

INTRODUCTION On 12th August 2010, the Governor of Illinois notified the Federal State Employee Trade Union (FSEU) Region 343. This is aimed at outsourcing the information system management function of the Ministry of Transportation (DoT) and privatizing it. Monday 20) In response, Mr. Padilla, FSEU's 343th President, urged Glenn of Human Resources at FSEU to rate the notice. The memo of August 20, 2010 includes Mr.. The purpose of this paper is to outline the fundamentals of critical thinking and the importance of understanding how we develop and apply critical thought power. This article describes the benefits of applying critical thinking skills as a systematic approach to the 21st century workplace. The basis of critical thinking can be traced back to Greek philosopher Socrates who lived between 469 BC and 399 BC. The center of critical thinking of the Socratic method is the process of using open-ended questions, which helps to infer and clarify inference (American Management Asso ciation, 2001). Its strength lies in helping people slow their thoughts and allow them to observe, evaluate and improve their thoughts. The Socratic method is based on the assumption that everything has logic that can be found through question and thought (AMA, 2001). There are three aspects to help people develop critical thinking: a way to become a facilitator of the process, a way to nurture a critical position that will always lead people to use critical thinking. Problems and problems Please check the self-worth of the learner. Critical thinking is intellectual exercise, but it is also a matter of confidence and courage. Learners must confidently believe that authority figures and established beliefs may be wrong and challenge them. The counselor needs to raise self-esteem by confirming that the learner's opinion is important and respectful. Applying Critical Thinking INTRODUCTION On 12th August 2010, the Governor of Illinois notified the Federal State Employee Trade Union (FSEU) Region 343. This is aimed at outsourcing the information system management function of the Ministry of Transportation (DoT) and privatizing it. Monday 20) In response, Mr. Padilla, FSEU's 343th President, urged Glenn of Human Resources at FSEU to rate the notice. The memo of August 20, 2010 includes Mr.. The purpose of this paper is to outline the fundamentals of critical thinking and the importance of understanding how we develop and apply critical thought power. This article describes the benefits of applying critical thinking skills as a systematic approach to the 21st century workplace. The basis of critical thinking can be traced back to Greek philosopher Socrates who lived between 469 BC and 399 BC. The center of critical thinking of the Socratic method is the process of using open-ended questions, which helps to infer and clarify inference (American Management Asso ciation, 2001). Its strength lies in helping people slow their thoughts and allow them to observe, evaluate and improve their thoughts. The Socratic method is based on the assumption that everything has logic that can be found through question and thought (AMA, 2001). There are three aspects to help people develop critical thinking: a way to become a facilitator of the process, a way to nurture a critical position that will always lead people to use critical thinking. Problems and problems Please check the self-worth of the learner. Critical thinking is intellectual exercise, but it is also a matter of confidence and courage. Learners must confidently believe that authority figures and established beliefs may be wrong and challenge them. The counselor needs to raise self-esteem by confirming that the learner's opinion is important and respectful. Applying Critical Thinking INTRODUCTION On 12th August 2010, the Governor of Illinois notified the Federal State Employee Trade Union (FSEU) Region 343. This is aimed at outsourcing the information system management function of the Ministry of Transportation (DoT) and privatizing it. Monday 20) In response, Mr. Padilla, FSEU's 343th President, urged Glenn of Human Resources at FSEU to rate the notice. The memo of August 20, 2010 includes Mr.. The purpose of this paper is to outline the fundamentals of critical thinking and the importance of understanding how we develop and apply critical thought power. This article describes the benefits of applying critical thinking skills as a systematic approach to the 21st century workplace. The basis of critical thinking can be traced back to Greek philosopher Socrates who lived between 469 BC and 399 BC. The center of critical thinking of the Socratic method is the process of using open-ended questions, which helps to infer and clarify inference (American Management Asso ciation, 2001). Its strength lies in helping people slow their thoughts and allow them to observe, evaluate and improve their thoughts. The Socratic method is based on the assumption that everything has logic that can be found through question and thought (AMA, 2001). There are three aspects to help people develop critical thinking: a way to become a facilitator of the process, a way to nurture a critical position that will always lead people to use critical thinking. Problems and problems Please check the self-worth of the learner. Critical thinking is intellectual exercise, but it is also a matter of confidence and courage. Learners must confidently believe that authority figures and established beliefs may be wrong and challenge them. The counselor needs to raise self-esteem by confirming that the learner's opinion is important and respectful.

Cognitive Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cognitive Psychology - Essay Example The crux of this interpretation of science, particularly the development of hypotheses about and models of hypothetical generative mechanisms of cognition is that, although unobserved by investigators, such mechanisms are necessary for the production of the observed phenomena (Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988, 3-71). To find out the logical basis of these hypotheses about unobserved generative mechanisms, scientists have taken the help of the physical sciences. In physical sciences, the hypotheses are not the result of blind guesswork or the unfettered imagination. They are created by the invention of models or hypothetical representations of what such mechanisms may plausibly be in reality. The invention of adequate and plausible models is constrained by the requirement that the nature of what is proposed should conform to the basic type hierarchy that expresses the beliefs people have about the nature of the world. Hypotheses about cognition can be evaluated only by testing their predictions regarding the effects of various environmental manipulations on behaviour (McCloskey, 1991, 387-395). These theoretical entities are said to provide a functional characterization of the central nervous system. This is built on the assumption that the same cognitive process could be implemented or instantiat ed in a variety of different neuroanatomical structures or neurophysiological processes. In other words, this characterization of cognition is materialist, but it does not assume a simple one-to-one mapping between cognitive and neural states and processes. Thus the definition of the cognitive processes can further be modified into a process... There is a startling similarity with present day computational models where this has been a natural mode of computation for widely interconnected computer networks of active elements. The generalization of these ideas to the connectionist view of the brain and behavior is that all important encodings in the brain are represented in terms of relative strengths in the synaptic connections. Connectionism can explain this by assuming that individual neurons do not transmit a large amount of symbolic or representative information, instead, they compete by being appropriately connected to a large number of similar units, and the prevalent and conventional computer model fails to incorporate this in the present understanding of cognitive psychology. Conclusion: However, this realization is important in that connectionist theories of cognitive psychology may with adequate research come out with a newer, modified, and more sophisticated model that explains all or the computer scientist may cr eate a developed computer that can have a cognitive psychology of its own. There are, however, certain troubling questions that need to be answered before one venture into this area. Human cognition involves the management of meaningful signs according to standards of correctness. In developing a computer model according to connectionist theory, there is the probability that one might lose the two main features of human cognition, intentionality, the meaningfulness of signs, and normativity, conformity to standards.

Replacing a Legacy AIS Application Case Study Research Paper

Replacing a Legacy AIS Application Case Study - Research Paper Example Like any other system AIS is also a system consisting of different components which are interrelated to each other. Each of the sub-systems that make up the whole system performs several specific tasks which get integrated to be able to perform the ultimate task. Different components of AIS include, People, Procedures, Software, Data, and infrastructure for information technology. This study is all about the requirement of the public company which needs to replace its existing AIS. The needs and requirements of such change required by the company, a detailed analysis of all the various alternatives available to the company with regards to this change and the best possible alternative that needs to be implemented by the company have all been discussed in this study. Analysis The company being a publicly traded company must be requiring lot of transactions to be carried out every day. Hence in order to increase its efficiency, new effective AIS are the necessity for the organization. N ew AIS, replacing the old inefficient existing AIS of the company, can prove advantageous for the organization. ... New technologically improved AIS would help the company management to take various critical decisions which could have a significant positive impact on increasing the effectiveness of the management of the company, thereby increasing the profitability of the company. Various critical decisions that could be facilitated through the improved AIS of the company could be related to the accurate and precise information regarding the outstanding debt of the company, the sales trend, the assets possessed by the company, cash inflows and cash outflows, performance of the different product lines of the company, the trend of returns generated by the company, etc. AIS would primarily serve three purposes associated with it. They are a) It would help to effectively store the data related to all the business transactions of the company, b) The data would be then processed into useful information which would facilitate various decision making process and c) It would help in safeguarding the assets of the company through effective control mechanisms using AIS. Thus introducing improved AIS would help the company to have competitive advantage over its competitors and have a sustainable growth in future. However AIS has its demerits and risks as well. AIS are mostly computer based system. It mainly helps in automation of the various business processes done manually. This type of automation is associated with the risk of the inaccurate transaction data going undetected in the system. This could ultimately pave the way for the occurrence of accounting frauds. Since a larger number of users have the facility of accessing the data in the AIS, it is associated with control risk. The information might get edited by unauthorized

High Noon Essay Example for Free

High Noon Essay This is a case of a company, which is operating in Malaysia by the name of Alpha Plantations Sdn Bhd. The company has its origin in Britain and has been operational for over forty years now. This subsidiary located in Malaysia consists of one palm oil mill and one oil palm estate. According to the owners of the company, the main purpose of opening this subsidiary is to supply the mother company with crude palm oil. The mother company is involved in production of detergents. The subsidiary in Malaysia operates in three shifts and each shift has about 25 people manned by one supervisor.  In addition, majority of the top management persons working at the Malaysian subsidiary come from the United Kingdom where the mother company is. Issues This organization has been in operation for decades and it has perfectly performed. With the changes that are taking place within the company because of the new manager, workers will also experience some new changes in the way they will execute their duties. Issues arise from the fact that this new management wants to change even the structure of the organization. These changes bring conflict in the way the workers used to perform and in the process affect their team performance and rapport. (McShane, S. et al, 2006) This frustrates Mr. Ang who has worked with the company for over four decades. The results are his firing after a confrontation. The reason for his firing stated as misconduct. However, this misconduct resulted from the mixed up duties and responsibilities that he experiences on his line of duty. As McShane, S. et al, (2006), says it is necessary to have a clearly spelled out duties and responsibilities. This is the only way that the workers will be able to avoid conflict and confrontation. This does not happen in this company. In addition, the managerial team executes these changes so quickly such that the workers do not have time to adjust thereby resulting to frustrations. Analysis Over the years, the company has faced many problems. However, the recent one was the massive loss that the company was undergoing. The main cause of this loss is the current low prices of gases that were experience at that time, then in 1999. During this time, Captain Chubb was the manager of the company. He claimed that he had done all that he could but the prices were the one which pulled the company down. The top management of the company sort to hire a new manager the following year by the name of Ian Davison. They thought that the previous manager failed to perform. Even though he did not have any experience in management of an agricultural company, he had worked and succeeded in the detergent company and therefore the management expected much from him. To achieve this, he had to lower the cost of production and the only way was to make some recommendation. He therefore made recommendations some of which were beyond the company’s control. For instance, he claimed that the company allowed too much machine breakdown. It is advisable to note that wear and tear is normal processes and we can do absolutely nothing to prevent it. However, he offered a practical solution of reducing the workforce and introducing new machines. This is the point where issues cropped up. With the introduction of new machines and reduction of the number of workers per shift, the workers first adapted to the process but later moved back to their old habits. However, this time, the problem was bigger in that there were fewer workers. They no longer worked in a team and this created a big problem, as the workload was now bigger. In addition, with the new introduced structure in the organization, workers were now able to have a direct access to the manager. This reduced the powers that Mr. Ang had who has always been the supervisor for the company. He was not in a position to control the works anymore and this frustrated him. Furthermore, the workers would not fully respect his directions, as they knew they could still get directions directly from the manager. As McShane, S. et al, (2006) in their book says, poor communication will always affect our behavior towards each other at our places of work. They go ahead and say that leaders will tend to vent their frustration to their subordinate. This communication breakdown affected the relationship between Mr. Ang and the workers and at the end resulted to dictatorship type of ruling where Mr. Ang would make all the decision for the workers. The worst is that Mr. Ang was to blame for all this. The result is that Mr. Ang was devastated and become silent, unproductive to the company and the company fires him. Drive theory explains the reason why Mr. Ang feels frustrated by the actions of the manager. He was highly valued by the workers and after he goes home, the company somehow collapses. Solutions The current problems that are experienced are a serious loss and this is not due to local company structure but global factors that are beyond the company control. We can therefore argue that the methods that used to deal with this problem are way out of track. It is a good idea though to look for machines that are using new technology and to downsize the number of workers in the company. However, it is not a good idea to change the company structure, as this has nothing to do with the workers’ performance. (McShane, S. et al, 2006) The best solution for this problem therefore would have been the purchase of the machines using new technology, downsizing the firm and then leaving the workers to report to the supervisor who they have reported to all these years. This would have prevented the confrontation that Mr. Ang had with the top officials at the head office and the other confrontation that he had with the manager and therefore prevent the company from collapsing. Recommendation However, now that Mr.  Ang has already gone home and things are not working well at all at the company, it is a clear indication that even though during the last days, Mr. Ang seemed quiet, he was important and his presence was recognized by all the workers. In addition, Mr. Ang was never given time to explain what was happening. It would be recommendable to try to summon Mr. Ang, give him a chance to explain his point of view and give him back his job. He is the only one who can mobilize the team and make them work. Drive theory explains the reason why the company collapses because the workers are not motivated. They have nothing to drive them to work harder.

Return on Investment Analysis Essay -- Finance Financial Business Essa

Return on Investment Analysis Profit Every business must devise a means to make and measure the profit from an investment. Profit reflects the very nature of business. Businesses that provide a product or service want to know if their efforts in a particular field will result in financial gain (Wiens 1997). The concept "Return On Investment" provides a means to measure the profit obtained from an investment. I will discuss the area of return on investment from a training and staff development perspective and why it is important. To Train or Not To Train Companies and educational institutions at one time or another will face the question of whether training will help their company remain competitive. Training is very expensive and time consuming. The employee will miss time from work. Someone will have to fill in for the employee. The "fill-in" may not perform as well as the employee which results in lower productivity. Travel and site procurement add to the cost. The trainer will demand a salary and materials. A subject matter expert may possibly factor in the equation. Furthermore, the company usually will conduct a needs analysis to determine if training is the actual solution needed to increase profitability. All of these elements translate into time and money. However, research has discovered that a new medium of delivery has cut cost significantly. The medium is computer based training (Schriver 1999). The expense is reduced by travel, instructor hours, record handling, and productivity (Schriver 1999). Many businesses and educational institution are examining the possibility of computer based training. Many decision makers reason if the same results can be obtained at a cheaper rate, by all means implem... ...emain in an organization or fall victim to cost cutting initiatives. References: Hansen, D. & M, Maryanne (1997). Management Accounting 4th Ed, South Western College Publishing Company.. Lachenmaier, L. & Moor, W. (August 1997). Using Business Performance to Evaluate Multimedia Training in Manufacturing. Performance Improvement, p. 16. Schriver R. & Giles, S. (August 1999). Real ROI Numbers. Training and Development,p. 51. Stolovitch, H. & M. Jean (October 1998). Calculating the Return on Investment in Training: A Critical Analysis and A Case Study. Performance Improvement Vol. 37 #8, 9-20. Todnem, G. & Micheal W. (Summer 1993) Using ROI to Assess Staff Development Efforts. Journal of Staff Development Vol. 14, No. 3. p. 32 Wiens, E. (November 1997). Looking Ahead: How Will Technology Affect the Future. The Technology Teacher, p .21.

Computerized Library Management System Chapter2 Essay

Chapter 2 Review of related literature Related Literature Foreign According to Robson (2001), usability is a key requirement for users, says Elisabeth Robson, Product manager for Online Computer Library Center. The catalogue has become a way to pull together disparate resources, including commercial resources and web links. management systems also allow circulation, including check in/check out and enable libraries to purchase materials and track where they are. According to Chad (2009), consulting is at a major point of change in the wider information economy within which library systems form part of a larger whole. He was writing in a briefing paper about the study in library management systems. This studyexamined the systems used in higher-education libraries across the UK and came up with some significant observations and recommendations. It noted that the LMS market in UK higher education is already mature and that four main vendors ( Ex Libris, Innovative Sirsi Dynix and Talis) have almost 90 per cent of the market. This market maturity means, according to the study authors, that the benefits to libraries of changing LMS provider are limited. Library users expect to find everything together says Stephen Abram, vice president for innovation at Sirsi Dynix, the leading provider of software solutions and associated services for libraries. According to her traditionally, the library management system or integrated library system (ILS) was responsible for running libraries efficiently and effectively. Over the last few years, the role of the ILS has been expanding from meeting library needs to delivering user experience. Local According to Eden (2011), views that most libraries are forced to work with fewer staff because of the having a more improved and modernized system for their library. According also to the study, the library administration need to emphasize to their staff that the organization has a vested interest in providing them with the tools and training they need to assist the organization in the new information marketplace. These may include search engines, circulation systems, and the online public access catalog. According to Lopez (2002), University of the Philippines Mindanao when UP in Mindanao accepted its first batch of students in 1996, the Main Library collection was integrated with the core collection of the School of Management (SOM) Library at the Stanfilco Bldg., Ladislawa Avenue, Buhangin, Davao City. The Filipiniana and General References were housed together with the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) collection in Room 2 of the Philippine Coconut Authority. In the Second Semester AY 1996-1997,the CAS Library moved to its main campus in Bago Oshiro. Upon the recognition of UP in Mindanao by the Board of Regents (BOR) as a constituent unit (CU) of the UP System, the CAS was split into two (2), namely: College of Humanities and Social Cost Benefits Analysis between the Existing System and the Proposed BotolanCommunity College Library System Particulars PC Express Desktop Pentium Packagewith Canon IP2770 Printer 16,500.00Windows XP Professional 5,550.00Visual Basic 6.0 5,000.00Botolan Community College Computerized Library System 10,000.00 37,050.00 Salary of one (1) Staff 12 x 5,500.00 66,000.00 Handling the Existing SystemSavings (PHP) 29,000.00 % of Savings 43.93% Source: Villman Computers(www.villman.com), PC Express (www.pcexpress.com.ph)Source:http://studentdiscounts.com/microsoftvisualstudioprofessional2010-installsonupto2computers.aspx 63 Appendix ISample Output 64 Figure 1. Log-InFigure 2. Main Menu PRO

Internation Finance Essay

What was Nick Leeson’s strategy to earn trading profits on derivatives? Leeson was trading derivatives contracts on the two exchanges that were, in some cases, of different types and, in some cases, in mismatched amounts. He was hoping making profits by selling put and call options on the same underlying financial instrument, the Nikkei 225 Index. 2) What went wrong that caused his strategy to fail? He thought as the Nikkei was already low that it could not plummeted lower but due to among other reason, an earthquake and the volatility of the market it went even lower, at that time nick was already â€Å"all in â€Å" and could not correct his position. Also at a certain point he had contracted a lot of futures without enough options to hedge his position which put him or in this case the bank money at high risks. 3) Why did Nick Leeson establish a bogus error account (88888) when a legitimate account already existed? He created this account to be able to perform is unauthorized trading and hide his lost from Barings as this account was not shown on the statements transmitted to London. 4) Why did Barings and its auditors not discover that the error account was used by Leeson for unauthorised trading? The error account had been presenting by Leeson as a customer account, that’s why his activities were unknown for quite a long time. 5) Why did none of the regulatory authorities in Singapore, Japan, and the United kingdom discover the true use of the error account? Fist of all because Nick Leeson was in charge of the back office, letting him he possible to hide easily what he wanted. Also as we said above this account was represented as a customer account and differently to each group. 6) Why was Barings Bank willing to transfer large cash sums to Barings Futures Singapore? As Leeson lost money, he had to pay those losses to SIMEX in the form of margin. By falsifying accounts and making various misrepresentations, he was able to secure funding from various companies within the Barings organization and from client accounts. For example, he claimed that he needed funds to make margin payments on behalf of BSS clients. Therefore Barings believed that they were not exposed to any looses as Leeson claimed that he was executing purchase orders on behalf of clients 7) Why did the attempt by the bank of England to organize a bailout for Barings fail? No one wanted to assume to take the additional risk concerning the additional looses that were not yet determined. 8) Suggest regulatory and management reforms that might prevent a future debacle of the type that bankrupted Barings. -Separate trading, accounting and settlement activities. -More employees supervision -Clear reporting line -Consolidation of the activities of every branch.

King Lear Essays (1396 words) - King Lear, Edmund, Cordelia, Goneril

King Lear Essays (1396 words) - King Lear, Edmund, Cordelia, Goneril King Lear In Shakespeare's classic tragedy, King Lear, the issue of sight and its relevance to clear vision is a recurring theme. Shakespeare's principal means of portraying this theme is through the characters of Lear and Gloucester. Although Lear can physically see, he is blind in the sense that he lacks insight, understanding, and direction. In contrast, Gloucester becomes physically blind but gains the type of vision that Lear lacks. It is evident from these two characters that clear vision is not derived solely from physical sight. Lear's failure to understand this is the principal cause of his demise, while Gloucester learns to achieve clear vision, and consequently avoids a fate similar to Lear's. Throughout most of King Lear, Lear's vision is clouded by his lack of insight. Since he cannot see into other people's characters, he can never identify them for who they truly are. When Lear is angered by Cordelia, Kent tries to reason with Lear, who is too stubborn to remain open-minded. Lear responds to Kent's opposition with, Out of my sight!, to which Kent responds, See better, Lear, and let me still remain (I.i.160). Here, Lear is saying he never wants to see Kent again, but he could never truly see him for who he was. Kent was only trying to do what was best for Lear, but Lear could not see that. Kent's vision is not clouded, as is Lear's, and he knows that he can remain near Lear as long as he is in disguise. Later, Lear's vision is so superficial that he is easily duped by the physical garments and simple disguise that Kent wears. Lear cannot see who Kent really. He only learns of Kent's noble and honest character just prior to his death, when his vision is cleared. By this time, however, it is too late for an honest relationship to be salvaged. Lear's vision is also marred by his lack of direction in life, and his poor foresight, his inability to predict the consequences of his actions. He cannot look far enough into the future to see the consequences of his actions. This, in addition to his lack of insight into other people, condemns his relationship with his most beloved daughter, Cordelia. When Lear asks his daughters who loves him most, he already thinks that Cordelia has the most love for him. However, when Cordelia says, I love your Majesty/According to my bond, no more nor less (I.i.94-95), Lear cannot see what these words really mean. Goneril and Regan are only putting on an act. They do not truly love Lear as much as they should. When Cordelia says these words, she has seen her sisters' facade, and she does not want to associate her true love with their false love. Lear, however, is fooled by Goneril and Regan into thinking that they love him, while Cordelia does not. Kent, who has sufficient insight, is able to see through the dialogue and knows that Cordelia is the only daughter who actually loves Lear. He tries to convince Lear of this, saying, Answer my life my judgment,/Thy youngest daughter does not love thee least (I.i.153-154). Lear, however, lacks the insight that Kent has. He only sees what is on the surface, and cannot understand the deeper intentions of the daughters' speeches. As his anger grows from the argument, his foresight diminishes as he becomes increasingly rash and narrow minded . When Lear disowns Cordelia, he says, we/Have no such daughter, nor shall ever see/That face of hers again (I.i.264-266). He cannot see far enough into the future to understand the consequences of this action. Ironically, he later discovers that Cordelia is the only daughter he wants to see, asking her to forget and forgive (IV.vii.85). By this time, he has finally started to gain some direction, and his vision is cleared, but it is too late for his life to be saved. His lack of precognition had condemned him from the beginning. Lear depicts Shakespeare's theme of clear vision by demonstrating that physical sight does not guarantee clear sight. Gloucester depicts this theme by demonstrating clear vision, despite the total lack of physical sight. Prior to the loss of his eyes, Gloucester's vision was much like

Netflix Financial Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Netflix Financial - Coursework Example The Company operates its business through three operating segments: Domestic streaming, International streaming and Domestic DVD† (Company Description, 2012). Break-even analysis is one of the simple methods to find out how much of the product in an organization must be sold to create a specific level of productivity. â€Å"At the breakeven point of a business, income is equal to expense, and therefore there is no gain or loss. It is the starting point from which an increase in sales or a reduction in costs generates a gain, and a reduction in sales or an increase in costs generates a loss† (Hagen, 2008). â€Å"At the breakeven point: revenue = fixed costs + variable costs† (Hagen, 2008). So, in order to compute the breakeven point, it is necessary to determine every fixed and variable cost that has been involved in the operation. Fixed costs are those costs that are invariable, and that should be paid in spite of the level of sales. At the same time, variable cos ts are incurred in percentage, to the level of sales. The analysis is carried out by a business to find out the number of units which require to be sold for a particular price, to enable the company cover the total cost connected with production. The study recognizes the break even point, which is in fact the point at which the company doesn’t create any loss or profit. 2008 2009 2010 2011 No. of units sold 194 167 596 684 Total revenue 1364.7 1670.3 2162.6 3204.6 Total variable cost 899.1 1269.5 732.2 1563 Contribution margin 465.6 400.8 1430.4 1641.6 Fixed cost 100 100 100 100 Break even unit 41.66666667 41.66666667 41.66666667 41.66666667    Sales 2008 1550.06 2009 1334.33 2010 4762.04 2011 5465.16    Profit 2008 83 2009 115.9 2010 160.9 2011 223.1 Contribution Margin per Unit = $2.4 Fixed cost of Netflix is assumed to be zero price per unit= $7.99 BEU= Fixed Cost/Contribution Margin Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) is also called Benefit–Cost Analysis (BCA). It is an organized process for comparing and computing advantages and costs of a project, judgment or government guidelines. â€Å"Cost Benefit Analysis Template provides a simple tool for calculating financial futures. With its familiar layout and excellent direction, this program makes financial forecasting simple enough for even novices† (Cost Benefit Analysis Template, 2009).    Total cost    2008 999.1 1364.7 2009 1369.5 1670.3 2010 832.2 2162.6 2011 1663 3204.6 1). How does the article suggest that business thinking and practice has evolved since the exhortations for business process reengineering in the 1990s? Part 2: (1) How the article does suggest that business thinking and practice has evolved since the exhortation for BPR in 1990? Davenport & Short (1990) describe the term business process as "a set of rationally connected tasks carried out to accomplish a defined business result." A process is "a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a sp ecified output for a particular customer or market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done within an organization" (What is Business Process?, n.d.). In their view, there are two significant characteristics of processes, and they are: (i) They have clients (external or internal), (ii) They cross organizational borders, i.e., they occur across or among organizational subunits. One method for recognizing business processes in a company is the value chain method recommended by Porter and Millar (1985). The idea of BPR has

Policies and Procedures That Govern the Hiring Practices Article

Policies and Procedures That Govern the Hiring Practices - Article Example For Catholic Charities Spokane, their ultimate goal of providing consumer satisfaction within the means of the organization has guided them to the careful establishment of processes regarding recruitment, encouraging productiveness, work evaluation, and feedback. The Human Resources Coordinator is in charge of posting job vacancies, evaluating candidates, and organizing interviews. Productiveness of employees is encouraged through retreats and yearly evaluation. On the other hand, employees are given the voice to air their concerns regarding their work environment. The organization has made its stand regarding issues such as sexual harassment, discrimination and nepotism to prevent the occurrence of such activities. Ultimately, the human resource practices are annually evaluated using employee satisfaction ratings and retention. In any human resource management, knowing and understanding the law is important, as it decreases the chance of committing a federal or state crime (Yoder-Wi se, 2003). The policy and procedures of human resource management should thus be based on what the law stipulates. ... The Catholic Charities thus annually reassesses its workforce, through the Program Directors, based on any changes in employee workloads, current management practices, service objectives, and quality improvement. The Catholic Charities are also open to practicum students and volunteers. The recruitment and hiring process has been carefully planned out. Briefly, the availability of a position and its respective job description is promulgated in-house and around the community by the Human Resources Coordinator, in accordance to National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) standards (Siegel, 2002). For those who have completed the minimum requirements, two structured interviews are conducted to screen all applicants. The interview questions comply with employment and labor laws, as implemented by NLRB. What is important is that the set of questions asked of each applicant is consistent (Siegel, 2002). Aside from the competence of getting the job done, the commitment to empowering others by bei ng culturally and socioeconomically sensitive as well as to community involvement. An employee’s sensitivity is ascertained using a set of questions inquiring about empowerment of others, belief in the value of family, establishing and maintaining respectful relationships, and knowing one’s limits. This is in accordance to NLRB’s suggestion that the interview questions be focused on what was previously done by the interviewee, in the premise that past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior, in case of employment (Siegel, 2002). Finally, a letter of hire will be given to the person most qualified for the job. The manpower is maximized by providing an equitable work environment that supports organizational productivity and stability despite individual

Smoking-Legal Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Smoking-Legal Studies - Essay Example view of the statement above outline, briefly, the current legislation relating to the smoke free environment in England and consider whether it is effective and in line with an individual’s human rights. Government plans to tackle the issue of smoking and to try to encourage people to quit led to the introduction in July 2007 of 6 relevant pieces of legislation aimed at businesses and public places1. The Health Act 2006 gives a definitive list of all those places that are covered by the No Smoking Ban and describes in detail the definition of public places so as to give clarity to all persons that the Act applies to. Penalties for anyone in breach of the new regulation are in the form of fixed penalties notices. Payment of the fixed penalty will mean that the person issued with the notice can avoid having the conviction entered against them. If the person refuses to pay or tries to prevent the officer from carrying out his duties then a summary conviction will follow2. Where an individual is caught smoking in a smoke-free place they could receive a fixed penalty notice for  £50 or a fine of up to  £200 and a summary conviction. The ban on smoking applies not only to public places but also to vehicles that are used for business uses such as company cars, taxis or business vehicles including delivery vans3. Although the level of compliance is high many still feel that this is an infringement of their human rights and that the government are wrong to enforce the ban on people4. Data published by the Department of Health in August 2007 after inspections had been carried out around the UK revealed that 97% of those inspected were smoke free within 2 weeks of the legislation coming into force5. In a report published by the NHS in November 2007 they report 98% compliance and 75% of adults supporting the ban6. The Minister of State for Health, Dawn Primarolo had predicted that the level of compliance would be high based on similar results when the ban was enforced in

Analyze and Evaluate the Federal Legislative Process Essay

Analyze and Evaluate the Federal Legislative Process - Essay Example We will get to understand this process even better by looking at the stages the family smoking prevention and tobacco control act, passed through till it was enforced as a law. We will also get to know the content of the bill and its importance. The family smoking prevention and tobacco control act, pub.l.111-31 H.R.1256 This is one of the major statutes in the federal government enacted during President Obama’s time .It came into effect on June 22, 2009 (Encyclopedia). The act gives the food and drug administration the power to regulate the tobacco industry. A signature element of the law imposes new warnings and labels on tobacco packaging and their advertisements, with the goal of discouraging minors and young adults from smoking. The Act also bans flavored cigarettes, limits on the advertising of tobacco products to minors and requires tobacco companies to seek FDA approval for new tobacco products. Legislative process Bill introduction and The First Reading According to ( Freeman), bill introduction and first reading is the initial stage in the legislative process. ... The family smoking prevention and tobacco act was introduced to respond to the decision, which had held that the Clinton administration's FDA had gone beyond its Congressionally delegated authority, thus giving the FDA the authority the Court determined it had lacked. The bill was passed by a vote of 298 to 112. Second Reading and Referral of the Bill to a Committee On May 20, 2009 the senate committee on health, education, labor and pensions were assigned the bill. Committee Stage of Bill The committee reviewed the text of the bill and there being no amendments they passed it to the next stage. Report Stage The family smoking prevention and tobacco control bill was further studied during the report stage by the members of the house of common in the committee and also those who were not in the committee passed the bill to the next stage there being no amendments. The Third Reading and adoption of Bill The members of the house of common came together to decide on whether the bill shou ld be adopted or not. They debated on the final form of the bill and its provisions. The bill provided for: i. Creation of a tobacco center within the FDA authority to regulate the content. ii. Marketing and sale of tobacco products. iii. It require the FDA approval for the use of expressions that indicate the capacity the product poses to health risk iv. limitation of advertisements that could attract young smokers Calls for new rules to prevent sales except through direct marketing. v. Face-to-face exchanges between a retailer and a consumer vi. The ban on flavoring applies to any product meeting the definition of a cigarette according to the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act. This includes any tobacco that comes

Concept Of Motivation

Concept Of Motivation This essay discusses the concept of motivation and its implications for the organisations. The author defines the theory of motivation and then reviews some of the theories (i.e. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Expectancy Theory, McGregors Theory X and Y, Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory) that are significant to understand the human behaviour in the organisations. Further the essay provides arguments for the existing value of the concept of motivation for the managers and discusses the alternatives that are available for the managers to use the knowledge and develop strategies for increasing motivation at the workplace. At the end of the essay the author mentions limitations that still exist. Introduction: what is Motivation? The world was interested in building and studying the theories of motivation from the early 1950s, with the development of industrialisation and an appearance of mass manufacture. At the start, theories were aimed to increase the levels of production at the assembly lin es and the employees were motivated by basic needs and did not possess any power. The processes were monotonous and a set of tangible factors drove the workers to perform. As the job design changed, new theories were built to support the concept of motivation. The studies of motivation mainly focused on what motivated people and how the employees were motivated. This led to the division of the theories in 2 formats: content and process theories. Before these theories will be discussed in this essay, the concept of motivation should be defined: Motivation is a process in which a person is triggered to work for the achievement of his own aims and goals. Persons determination to perform and his/her effort are designed to satisfy his/her needs, e.g. get tangible rewards (an extrinsic motivation), or alternatively, he/she is interested in the job itself and the tasks (an intrinsic motivation). Overview of theories of motivation: The motivation theories are significant in sociology as they give a rational explanation on five patterns of behaviour of people in the organisation, based on their needs, reinforcement, cognitions, job characteristics and feelings /emotions. (Kreitner Kinicki, 2001) To discuss the value of the motivation theories in understanding the behaviour of the employees at the workplace, some of them should be described further. Content theories The main theories that are studied and can be used in the working environment are Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (1943), McGregors Theory X and Y and Herzbergs Two Factor theory (1968). According to the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, individuals are driven by five needs, which serve as a basis for their effort in work. Starting from the physiological needs, after the satisfaction takes place, the individuals move up the next levels of the hierarchy, which are safety, belongingness love, esteem and self -actualisation needs. Therefore this theory suggested that people are motivated by basic to complicated needs. The theory is still used today, though it does not cover all the aspects of the concept. (Maslow, 1970) Theory X and Y suggests that there are two patterns of behaviour in the organisation. Theory X says that the employees are not willing to work and do not show any interest in the job. They are forced and controlled by the management who may offer remuneration or alternatively leave without it. Therefore this acts as a motivator for work. Theory Y suggests that the employees can control themselves and can be driven by their own goals and are responsible for their work and efforts. (McGregor, 1987) Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory suggests that various factors exist that can motivate employees, however, there are other factors, named hygiene which may dissatisfy the employees and in that case must be altered. The motivating and hygiene factors have different meanings in the organisation, the absence of one of these factors can brea k the balance of being motivated and satisfied at the same time. The motivating factors include recognition, tasks and success, alternatively the hygiene factors are job conditions, remuneration and company policy. (Robbins, 2001) Process theories From the process theories, the focus of this essay will be on Expectancy Theory and Goal-Setting Theory. According to Robbins (2001), Vrooms Expectancy Theory, peoples motivation is activated only if the energy spent on the work leads to a good performance and consequently, the performance leads to bonuses and rewards. Therefore, this theory aids to understand why some workers do not put much effort in their work, as they are de-motivated from the beginning, knowing that good performance is not likely to be achieved and/or rewarded. Accordingly, the performance rewards link has issues when the individuals do not see themselves capable of receiving rewards due to factors as incompetence or personal relations with the management and co-workers. When eventually the rewards are received, they can appear unattractive to the individuals thus cause frustration at the workplace. Goal Setting Theory developed by Locke (1968) suggests that the individuals are greater motivated when the goals are set by managers or by the individuals themselves when they are closely engaged in the processes at the workplace, rather than when the individuals do not see clearly what their efforts are directed at and what the management expects from them. Thus, the employees behaviou r suggests that they like to be guided by the managers and they achieve greater results even if the work is complicated. Moreover, the theory suggests that a feedback should be provided for the work done, which makes the workers willing to do the job, as they appreciate being commented on their performance. (Robbins, 2001) Application of the theories to practice The existence of multiple motivation theories makes it difficult to find the ideal one that can be applied to the organisation. This is due to the limitations and irrelevance of some of them in the modern work environments. To derive the value of each of the theories, a contingency matrix is used by the managers as a guideline on which of the theories to apply at the workplace to enhance performance and provide job fulfillment. For example, the Expectancy theory applied in the organisation activates the employee for action, effort and can increase an employee turnover. One of the most applicable theories is Hackman and Oldha ms (1980) theory that is a content theory, as it affects both effort and routine work, fulfillment, employee turnover and the reasons for frustration, as the theory is based on the job characteristics and encourages the managers to create interesting jobs at the workplace. (Kreitner Kinicki, 2001) Most of the motivation theories that are adapted in the organisations have to be altered to fit into the organizational context. They are used by managers for the assessment of motivation at the workplace and to find means of improving it by satisfying the needs of the employees or alternatively trigger them to work and perform. It is a process that changes with the time and new tendencies. Therefore it is essential to alter the job designs and introduce new benefits, e.g. flexible hours, possibility to work from home, regular skills assessments, informal communication, and to prevent a strict top-down communication between the manager and the colleagues. Value for managers The studying of the theories of motivation bring a great value for managers as was discussed above, as the concept is used on practice to analyse peoples behaviour, despite of existence of some pitfalls. The theories work on practice, when supported by contemporary theories, and they serve as a foundation for building strategies to increase motivation at the workplace. The old theories are a base for new theories; therefore their meaning is not lost. E.g. the contemporary theory developed by Ritchie and Martin divide the employees in high-need and low-need level individuals and assess their desire to be motivated by both tangible and intangible rewards, an interest, achievement, recognition, self-development, variety change, creativity, social contacts, money, structure and others. This approach serves as a useful tool for the managers to assess performance in their organsiations nowadays. (Buchanan Huczynski, 2003) And moreover, improve the motivation by introducing the rewards an d recognition schemes. The employees may be rewarded either individually or as a part of the group. Individual rewards are limited by the skills that he person possesses and can be increased only if a persons productivity increases. Kerrin Oliver, 2002, suggest that rewarding the group may have concerns with the theories of motivation but people engage in the processes, collaborate with their colleagues, set their goals in a competitive environment, have a potential for their creativity to be developed and all of this can serve as motivators and bring satisfaction from the job performed. The rewards should be then based on a both individual productivity and the performance of the group. Alternatively, managers are capable of designing the job for the employees and thus motivate them to work. According to theory of Hackman and Oldham (1980) described by Kreitner Kinicki, 2001, the job must offer an application of different skills, the tasks must be engaging and important in the pro cess, a substantial level of autonomy should be allowed and the feedback available. This will lead to a greater willingness to accept responsibilities and give a satisfaction from the job and result in a high motivation. Managers have an opportunity to analyse their style of control and behaviour using McGregors Theory X and Theory Y approach and thus choose the way the work is facilitated at the workplace, either by strict control or collaboration and empowerment. Gradual development of the motivation concepts led the managers from the strict rules of the assembly line to the empowerment and allowance of an autonomy and creativity at the workplace, thus enhancing the performance of the organisation as a whole. Limitations However, the following limitations exist that cannot be avoided in the studies of the motivation theories: ? The development of negative behaviour in the organisation hostility, obedience and lack of innovation when every single individual is trying to achieve his own goals collectively to the goals of the organisation. The competition leads to hostility, de-motivated people do not have any potential to progress if they are not satisfied. Punishments as motivation to work leads to obedience and stagnation in the organisation ? It is a time-consuming process to understand what really motivates each individual at the workplace as the theories were initially developed for the assembly lines when motivation factors did not vary. The theories have to be altered and further developed to be applied in the organisations ? Motivation theories seem inapplicable as sometimes it is obvious that nowadays people are driven by tangible rewards, i.e. they are in a pursuit of wealth which makes all the theories irrelevant

Birth And Upbringing :: essays research papers

Birth And Upbringing MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI was born on October 2, 1869, at Porbandar, a small town on the western coast of India, which was then one of the many tiny states in Kathiawar. He was born in middle class family of Vaishya caste. His grandfather had risen to be the Dewan or Prime Minister of Porbandar and was succeeded by his son Karamchand who was the father of Mohandas. Putlibai, Mohandas's mother, was a saintly character, gentle and devout, and left a deep impress on her son's mind. Mohandas went to an elementary school in Porbandar, where he found it difficult to master the multiplication tables. "My intellect must have been sluggish and my memory raw", he recalled with candour many years later. He was seven when his family moved to Rajkot, another state in Kathiawar, where his father became Dewan. There he attended a primary school and later joined a high school. Though conscientious he was a "mediocre student" and was excessively shy and timid. While his school record gave no indication of his future greatness, there was one incident which was significant. A British school inspector came to examine the boys and set a spelling test. Mohandas made a mistake which the class teacher noticed. The latter motioned to him to copy the correct spelling from his neighbour's slate. Mohandas refused to take the hint and was later chided for his "stupidity". We can also discover in the little boy a hint of that passion for reforming others which later became so dominant a trait of the Mahatma, though in this case the zeal almost led him astray. Impelled by a desire to reform a friend of his elder brother's, one Sheikh Mehtab, he cultivated his company and imbibed habits which he had to regret later. This friend convinced him that the British could rule India because they lived on meat which gave them the necessary strength. So Mohandas who came on orthodox vegetarian family took to tasting meat clandestinely, for patriotic reasons. But apart from the inherited vegetarian sentiment which made him feel, after he had once swallowed a piece, as if "a live goat were bleating inside me", he had to wrestle with the knowledge that such clandestine repasts would have to be hidden from his parents which would entail falsehood on his part. This he was reluctant to do. And so after a few such experiments he gave up the idea, consoling hims elf with the reflection : "When they are no more and I have found my freedom, I will eat meat openly.

Judgement fair or not

November 7-2013 Judgments, Fair or Not Most of the time; we are Judged by our looks, color of skin and nationality. It does not matter how hard you try to be a better person, to be a professional, to have a decent job, to be acknowledged for what you are and not how you look, people still first see what is in the outside.In the short story â€Å"Flight Patterns† by Sherman Alexie gives a very good example of how society stereotypes a person. Alexie used stereotypes to show readers that instead of Judging of appearances we should get to know a person first. In the short story by Alexie, we see how stereotyping takes place in the life of William the main character, a salesman that has to travel a lot and leave his family behind while he travels.In the short story we see that William has a strong statement where he describe himself and give a good example where he wanted his fellows travelers to know exactly who and what he was: â€Å"l am a Native American and therefore have te n thousand more reasons to terrorize the U. S. than any of those Taliban Jerks-offs, but I have chosen to become a civic American citizen, so all you hite folks should be celebrating my kindness and moral decency and awesome ability to forgive! â€Å"(para 57).This quote where William shows us the two paths a person can chose and where it could be to be against everybody because you feel that people puts you apart because of your looks and not your knowledge, or you can chose a path were your believes are more strong and are difficult to brake because you know where you come from and nobody can change that fact, also you know that by forgive the ignorance of the people that treat you like a thing and not like a human een that has something important to teach and show.By doing this William kind of express the a small victory because he was able to understand how to deal with people that treated as if he was an Indian, a Pakistani, a Latino, a Mussulmen and because of that he has to go thru more strict inspections in the airport by the immigration people. He became used to the ignorance of people over the years, but he still gets irked because they are people still thinking they can have the rights to do whatever they want or desire.On the other hand we have a character Fedaku a taxi river that William meet in one of his flights, Fedaku it is an interesting character because he shows William that sometimes there are decision in life that you have to take for the safety of the people you love in this case the family he had to leave in his native country. He describes the type of life he had back in his country with his family and also the circumstances that made him come to the United States and ended up driving a taxi.Fedaku gives a good explanation of his life to William was surprised because deep in his mind he did not expect that somebody that is driving a cap had o sacrifice so many thinks because of others people. Fedaku explained â€Å"l was a smart chil d. A genius. A prodigy. It was Selassie who sent me to Oxford. And there I studied physics and learned the math and art of flight. I came back home and flew Jets for Selassie's army' (para147). ery shocking but at the same interesting because you would never think that a cab driver have all this knowledge, there is when you ask yourselt now a person that nas all that knowledge instead ot driving a cab is not flying a plane or is a professor in University giving physics classes. Later on he xplain the reasons of why he ended living in Unites States â€Å"For three years, I killed my own people, and then on the third of June 1974, I could not do it anymore, I kissed my wife and sons goodbye that morning, and I kissed my mother and father, and I lie to them and told them I would be back that evening.They had no idea where I was going. But I went to the base, got into a plane, and flew 57). This make me think how we misjudge a person from Just their looks and how important it is to get to know them because mostly of the time it will teach you something that could e bad or good everything depends on how you take it. In this case William was able to understand him because he felt related to him because as Fedaku said before â€Å"people think I'm black, they don't see me as a terrorist, only as a crackhead addict on welfare.So I am a victim of only one misguided idea about who I am† (para 113). And by knowing his story he really understands that everyone has to go thru many things that other could not even imagine being able to achieve their goals. And it proves that everybody Judge you because of you looks and skin color, but they do not stop hinking for a moment to get to know as a person that has feelings, rights and is able to have a moderate conversation. A person is more than the eye can see.Therefore William understood Fedaku feelings. Also we see the characters are very different but at the same time equal. Why are they equal, you may ask? They are e qual in a way they have been discriminated and treated them as if they are like criminals in many places, they are able to understand each other in their own language that has been learn in the world by the experiences they been thru, and the understanding of both he characters was very clear from the author.Also the author make the shorts story a bit more intriguing because there was something in Fedaku that did not convinced William too much. Sometimes is better to do not know too much about a person because it could retaliate in a positive and also negative way, because sometimes is better to not know everything about a person because we are humans and therefore there is ego a Jealousy in it.Sometimes we are not able to understand or to take someone's story or experience because we can think or give different interpretations, or example we van think that everything is a lie and start to have an internal argument to Just to look for the bad thinks about the person's experienced, o r we could take kind of offensive because we are not able to understand that not everybody has the same story that we have different stories in different environment and different consequences.

Empirical Formula Lab Report Essay

INTRODUCTION John Dalton’s atomic theory states that elements combine in simple numerical ratios to form compounds. A compound, no matter how it is formed, always contains the same elements in the same proportion by weight. The law of mass conservation states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed. In this experiment, the mass of the metal was not destroyed or created; the metal’s mass was simply changed into a compound form once the gas reacted to it. The net mass of the reactant side of the equation and the product side of the equation should be equal if the experiment is done correctly. The molecular formula represents the number of all elements in a compound. The empirical is the simplest whole number ratio of the elements in that compound. Combustion reactions always involve oxygen and are almost always exothermic. Exothermic reactions give off energy in heat form. The purpose of this experiment is to find the empirical formula of a compound using whole numbers. To investigate this experiment, the masses of the metal and gas were measured to obtain the empirical formula of the compound. PROCEDURE Before starting the experiment, the materials needed were gathered: crucible and lid, Bunsen burner, deionized or distilled water, striker, magnesium ribbon, sandpaper (if needed), clay triangle, wire pad, crucible tongs, electronic scale, ring clamp, experiment stand, paper to record data. Two of each necessary material was gathered in order to conduct two trials at once. To prepare for the experiment, the ring clamp was attached to the stand at about 2/3s the way up the stand. The crucible and lid were rinsed with water, dried, and then placed on a clay triangle. The Bunsen burner was hooked up to the gas line and the gas was turned on. The fire was started with the striker and the flame was adjusted to the height of the ring clamp. The crucible and lid were heated gently for 4-6 minutes until the bottom of the crucible became red. The flame was intensified and the crucible and lid were heated for another 10-12 minutes. The crucible and lid were allowed to cool on the wire pad. The mass of the cooled crucible and lid was recorded using the electronic scale. This procedure was repeated once more for each trial. In each trial, the ribbon was placed into the crucible and the lid was placed over it. The mass of the crucible, lid and magnesium was recorded. The crucible containing the magnesium was heated gently for 2-3 minutes. The heat was gradually intensified and heated for another 2-3 minutes. One side of the lid was lifted with the crucible tongs to allow the oxygen inside. The metal started glowing. The crucible, lid and compound were heated for another 3 minutes. The metal was checked periodically until no more glowing was observed. The crucible was then removed from heat and then cooled on the wire pad. 3 drops of deionized water was added to the cooled compound. The crucible was reheated with the lid partially off, allowing the water vapor to escape. The sample was heated slowly and then the heat was intensified for 15-17 minutes. The crucible, lid and compound were allowed to cool on the wire pad. The mass of the crucible, lid and compound was recorded. The sample was reheated for an extra 5 minutes, then the combined mass of the crucible, lid and metal oxide was measured. The metal oxide was disposed of in the proper marked contained and the crucible was cleaned of any residue and rinsed with deionized water. RESULTS Units Trial 1 Trial 2 Before Heating g 23.860 After 1st Heating g 21.383 23.859 After 2nd Heating g 21.385 Mass of Crucible, Lid and Metal g 21.575 24.054 Mass of Metal g 0.190 0.195 Mass of Crucible, Lid and Metal Oxide after 1st heating g 21.646 24.174 2nd Heating Mass Measurement g 21.648 24.174 Mass of Metal Oxide g 0.263 0.315 Number of Moles of Metal in the Compound mol 0.00782 0.00802 Mass of Oxygen in Compound g 0.0730 0.120 Number of Moles of Oxygen in the Compound mol 0.00456 0.00750 Simplest Whole Number Ratio of Oxygen to Metal 3:5 14:15 Empirical Formula for the Compound using Whole Numbers Mg5O3 Mg14O13 DISCUSSION In order to have magnesium oxide, MgO, the magnesium strip had to be heated. Under normal circumstances, room temperature, magnesium metal, Mg, reacts very slowly with the oxygen, O, in the air. However, as magnesium is heated, it reacts quicker with the oxygen and burns with a white light to produce MgO. To protect others from the smoke, containing Magnesium Oxide, the crucible had to remain covered. Some magnesium oxide escaped, when the crucible was not covered. The crucible had to be slightly ajar when heating up the magnesium, so that oxygen could get to the reaction. Without oxygen, a fire cannot exist. The shininess of the metal Mg turned to a dull appearance as it changed to MgO. As the magnesium reacted to the oxygen, it also reacted with the nitrogen in the air to form magnesium nitride, Mg3N2. To expel the nitrogen from the crucible, we added water to the mixture and heated it up. This would cause the Mg3N2, to react with the water, H2O, to form ammonia, NH3, and magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2. The NH3 was driven off during the heating. One sign of this reaction was the ammonia smell given off. This is because upon heating, the Mg(OH)2 would break into MgO and H2O, which would be driven off by the heat. The second reheating was so that any remnants of the Mg(OH)2 of the crucible had been converted to MgO. This was also to have an accurate final mass of our product MgO. After the lab, the inside of the crucible was black. This is because the magnesium not only reacted with the oxygen and the nitrogen in the air but also with the porcelain of the crucible. The reason for waiting for the crucible to cool before weighing it was because at higher temperatures, the molecules inside are still active, causing the weight to be off. During Trial 2, the magnesium was not properly burned off and caused the calculations to be off. The magnesium looked as if it had stopped glowing, but the inside coil was not completely burned. REFERENCES www.iun.edu www.chemistry.about.com www.universetoday.com/john-daltons-atomic-theory Lab Experiment www.purdue.edu