Causes of Employee Turnover Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Causes of Employee Turnover - Research Paper Example As the paper outlines, the concept of employee turnover is the significantly-used approach in the context of human resource management in a business organization. The simplest way to describe the term is that it pertains to the rate or extent at which the employer or an organization loses and gains its employees or the workforce. Turnover is basically measured for the individual firms as well as for the entire industry. The concept of employee turnover refers to the workers’ rotation within and around the labour market, and continues between occupations, firms and different jobs. It also exists between the condition of unemployment and employment within a state (Abbasi et al., 2000). The term ‘turnover’ was further defined by Price (1977) as the ratio of the number of members in an organization who have left the workplace during a certain period divided by the average number of people in that organization. Very often, turnover is regarded with the complete process linked to the filling of a vacancy. According to the studies, every time that an employee vacates a position, involuntarily or voluntarily, there arises a dire need for the hiring and training of a new employee, and the cycle goes on. According to many research studies, it has been suggested that the concept of turnover in an organization arises from the employees being unhappy with the organization or dissatisfied from the job. However, this is not the only reason for the employees leaving the organizations voluntarily or involuntarily. There are various other factors for the occurrence of high employee turnover and they are described as follows: The Economy In the exit interviews conducted with the employees, one of the major reasons discovered for leaving the organizations include the availability of the higher paid jobs. In the United States, it has been examined that some of the workers working on minimum wage, left their jobs for another job which paid them only 50cents more per hour (Shamsuzzoha, n.d.). Thus, in the better economies, the vacancies in higher paying jobs would increase the employee turnover in many other less paying organizations. The characteristics of the job There are some jobs which are fundamentally more attractive and higher paid than other jobs in the same field. The attractiveness of a job is influenced by the challenges, repetitiveness, perceived significance, inherent dangers, and the growth opportunities. A bad match between the employee's skills and the job Every job requires a proper match and parallel characteristics between the employee and the job. However, those employees, who are normally hired for the tough jobs or do not match the qualifications and expertise required by the job, leave the organization in a short span of time. Therefore, the turnover rate in an organization also increases due to the lack of compatibility between the job specification and job description.

Optional ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Optional ethnicity - Essay Example On the other hand, it is true that the non-whites are not capable of choosing their ethnicities, even if they adopted the most popular ethnic symbols of the White ethnicities. On the other hand, it is also true that the Whites choose their ethnicities based on the amount of negative consequences. Waters claims that in the United States, the White Americans have the opportunity to choose their ethnicities, unlike the other minority groups. White Americans can either choose to be plain ‘White’ or choose an ethnicity, with regard to their ancestry. Waters also focuses on symbolic ethnicity, which she associates with later-generations of most White Americans. In this type of ethnicity, the individuals involved do not experience any social cost. This is because of the symbolic identifications in the ethnic group, which attracts later-generations to identify with. For instance, some whites might identify with the Irish Americans only during the special occasions such as vacati ons, or family holidays (Waters 3). Waters also notes that the whites are not influenced by ethnicity, compared to the minority groups in the US (4). In addition, they are at liberty to either choose their ethnicity, from their genealogies or not choose any, unlike the minority groups, who have to identify themselves with their identity. Symbolic identity mainly occurs among the whites, when they identify themselves with different ethnicities by adopting the popular ethnic symbols of those ethnicities. For instance, celebrating St. Patrick’s Day in order to be associated with the Irish ethnicity, thus, signaling their Irish ethnicity. However, a non-white celebrating St. Patrick’s Day will not be regarded Irish, since these are not capable of optional ethnicities. Waters introduces another element of ethnicity, which is the ‘non-optional’ ethnicity. This is the opposite of optional ethnicity, and mainly affects the minority. Unlike optional ethnicity, whic h is chosen with a free will, non-optional ethnicity is imposed on individuals. Oppositional ethnicity also affects the minority groups in society. In this type of ethnicity, members of the minority groups will seek companionship among themselves, and sometimes distance themselves from the mainstream population. In this case, the minority group will want to maintain their identity, which could be influenced by their history, or their uniqueness, with regard to other factors. The remaining members mostly judge the people who abandon this kind of ethnicity in a negative way. Waters attributes this ethnicity to the blacks and the Latinos. She believes that, â€Å"the oppositional component of a black identity also explains how black people can question whether other black are acting black enough† (Waters 7). In this case, the blacks or any ethnic minority groups are expected to act according to the values of their group, which is different from those of the mainstream population , and any deviance by one member is questionable. In the article Notes of a Native Speaker, Erick Liu talks about his experiences that relate to his ethnicity, immigration, and race, during his childhood and teenage years. Although Liu was Chinese, after immigration, he became a Chinese-American. However, he was called ‘banana’ by other Asians, for emulating the values of White Americans. Liu experienced vast challenges adapting to life in America, especially with regard to culture. Even though he was a citizen of